![]() ![]() Low availability of P in soil is mainly caused by high content of Fe 2 O 3 in the clay fraction that binds to P making it unavailable. Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient. density 0.3 ha per beaver territory) at a distance of 10–20 m from the water’s edge. Overall, our results suggest that damage to Central European commercial forest stands can be reduced by growing dense softwood stands (min. water distance, tree species composition and tree diameter. In this paper, we illustrate specific examples where damage to commercial species has been reduced by softwood presence, and suggest potential parameters for softwood buffer zones, based on those known to affect browsing by beavers, i.e. As such, they have the potential to act as a ‘distracting’ species, reducing pressure on those species important in forestry. Deciduous softwoods such as willow (Salix spp.), which are rarely subjected to forest management, tend to be preferred by beavers over commercial species. In forests dominated by commercial tree species, the food of beavers mainly comprises oak (Quercus spp.) and ash (Fraxinus spp.). This study focuses on factors that affect tree species selection by Eurasian beavers in commercial and close-to-nature forests, with the aim of identifying practical proposals for protecting target commercial tree species while still maintaining high numbers of beavers. These results indicate that the willow plantation can be effective for the treatment of landfill leachate in respect of environmental requirements. Leaf tissue analysis revealed significant differences in the concentrations of total nitrogen, boron, and zinc, according to the treatment applied, suggesting that the absorption capacity of willows was modified with leachate irrigation. It also increased the willow biomass 2.5-fold compared to water irrigation. D2P efficacy was higher than that of D2, indicating that P increased the performance of the system. The system, which operated for 131 days, was highly efficient, causing the chemical oxygen demand concentration to drop significantly with the total removal of ammonia (seasonal average removal by a concentration of 99–100%). Additionally, half of the D2-irrigated plots were amended with phosphorus (D2P). ![]() We report here on a field trial (0.5 ha) in which a willow plantation was irrigated with groundwater (D0) or aged leachate at two different loadings (D1 and D2, which was twice that of D1). However, few studies have considered the treatment capability of willow filters at a scale large enough to meet the industrial requirements of private landfill owners in North America. ![]() The treatment of leachate by vegetative filters composed of short-rotation willow coppice (SRWC) has been shown to be a cost-effective alternative to conventional and costly methods. ![]() subfragilis are potentially feasible candidates for the SRC system in temperate regions of East Asia. subfragilis originate from their high biomass production. sachalinensis had the thickest shoots, and S. For two species under the high manure treatment, S. By comparing with the biomasses of seven willows, the largest annual biomass production rates of 14.1 and 13.7 Mg ha−1yr−1 were observed in the high manure treatments of S. The averages of annual biomass production of seven willows grown under the control, low manure, and high manure treatments were 0.2 Mg ha−1yr−1, 5.3 Mg ha−1yr−1, and 8.5 Mg ha−1yr−1, respectively. The manure treatments accelerated the growth of all the willow species after two growing seasons. Three treatment groups, including control, low manure (5 Mg ha−1), and high manure (10 Mg ha−1) treatments, were established, and seven willows were grown for two complete growing seasons to obtain the clone density of 10,000 cuttings ha−1. During cultivation, cheap compost derived from swine manure and containing high concentrations of various nutrients was added. subfragilis, with wide distribution in eastern Japan. To establish a short rotation coppice (SRC) system in the temperate region of East Asia, planting was conducted for cuttings from seven species, including Salix eriocarpa, S. ![]()
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